Everyone in here
146 people
The six core thinkers carry the argument, and they are not the material. This is everyone the research document names, with a line each and a link to the page that deals with them. 29 have entries of their own, listed first: twenty from the research document in the order their key work appeared, then the figures behind the reception rules.
29 entries with a page of their own
- 01Étienne de La Boétie1530 to 1563 / FranceThe tyrant has only the power you lend him, so the question is not why he rules but why millions keep handing it over.
- 02Gaetano Mosca1858 to 1941 / ItalyEvery society is run by an organized minority over a disorganized majority, and each ruling class tells itself a story about why it deserves to be there.
- 03Robert Michels1876 to 1936 / Germany and ItalyOrganizing at all produces a permanent leadership layer with interests of its own, and he proved it on the most democratic party then in existence.
- 04Vilfredo Pareto1848 to 1923 / ItalyThe reasons people give for what they do are decoration on drives they do not examine, and history is one elite replacing another.
- 05Walter Lippmann1889 to 1974 / United StatesThe public cannot know the world directly, so it lives on pictures in the head, and Lippmann concluded that a specialized class should therefore manage what those pictures are.
- 06Edward Bernays1891 to 1995 / United StatesHe invented public relations, said openly that manipulating the public was a necessary function of democracy, and published the method with pride.
- 07Lewis Mumford1895 to 1990 / United StatesThe first machine in history was made of human parts, and the decisive machine of the industrial age was the monastery clock, not the steam engine.
- 08Harold Innis1894 to 1952 / CanadaWhether a medium is durable or portable decides what kind of power can be built on it, and every dominant medium creates a monopoly of knowledge that a new medium breaks.
- 09Norbert Wiener1894 to 1964 / United StatesHe built the science of control through feedback, then spent the rest of his life warning about what happens when it is applied to people, and refused the military funding that would have directed his work.
- 10Czesław Miłosz1911 to 2004 / PolandThe art of professing a doctrine you do not believe, while keeping a private reservation, eventually consumes the self the reservation was meant to protect.
- 11C. Wright Mills1916 to 1962 / United StatesTurn a personal trouble into a public issue and you have made the single move this entire project depends on.
- 12Erving Goffman1922 to 1982 / Canada and United StatesAn institution does not merely process people, it strips a self on admission and issues one it can work with, and you can test this against any institution you have been inside.
- 13Jacques Ellul1912 to 1994 / FrancePropaganda is not primarily lies, it is a condition of technological mass society, and it works best on educated people who believe they are immune.
- 14Václav Havel1936 to 2011 / CzechoslovakiaA system can run entirely on ritual compliance that nobody believes, because each person's performance becomes the pressure that holds the next person in place.
- 15Nikolas Roseborn 1947 / United KingdomPsychology did not just describe the self, it made the self governable, and advanced liberal rule works through your freedom rather than against it.
- 16Gilles Deleuze1925 to 1995 / FranceThe enclosures Foucault described were already dissolving as he wrote, and what replaced them does not shut you in, it adjusts you continuously.
- 17James C. Scott1936 to 2024 / United StatesStates cannot govern what they cannot count, so they simplify reality into countable form, and then reshape reality to match the count.
- 18Achille Mbembeborn 1957 / Cameroon and South AfricaSeen from the colony, the power in question is not the power to manage life but the power to expose people to death, and that is where these techniques were tested first.
- 19Byung-Chul Hanborn 1959 / South Korea and GermanyYou are no longer disciplined by anyone. You exploit yourself, you call it freedom, and you burn out doing it.
- 20Shoshana Zuboffborn 1951 / United StatesThe business model does not sell your attention, it sells predictions about you, and the way to improve a prediction is to shape the behaviour being predicted.
- 21Jack Mezirow1923 to 2014 / United StatesPeople do not rebuild how they see the world unless something arrives that will not fit, and the step where they discover others share the discontent is not optional.
- 22Peter Sloterdijkborn 1947 / GermanyThe assumption that exposing an illusion dissolves it stopped being true, because the modern response to being shown how the machine works is to agree and carry on.
- 23Robert Keganborn 1946 / United StatesGrowing up mentally means turning what you were embedded in into something you can look at, which is why seeing your own assumptions feels like a loss rather than a gain.
- 24David McClelland1917 to 1998 / United StatesA strong drive for influence turns useful or destructive depending on one variable, and that variable is self-restraint.
- 25Alfred Adler1870 to 1937 / AustriaStriving to rise above other people is compensation for feeling small, and it is a different thing from striving to become capable.
- 26Erich Fromm1900 to 1980 / Germany and United StatesFreedom produces isolation and the weight of choosing, and people who cannot carry it flee into submission, conformity or the wish to dominate.
- 27William Perry1913 to 1998 / United StatesStudents who discover that knowledge is contested do not simply become more sophisticated. A large number retreat into new certainties or go inert, and both are documented outcomes.
- 28Ronnie Janoff-Bulmanborn 1946 / United StatesWhat breaks in a shock is usually not a fact but the unstated assumptions underneath it, and rebuilding those is slower and stranger than learning something new.
- 29Tom Tylerborn 1950 / United StatesPeople obey authority mainly because they judge the process fair, not because they fear the penalty, which means humane correction is the effective kind rather than the soft one.
Everyone named, alphabetical
- Adorno, Theodor W.The culture industry, and the collaboration with Lazarsfeld that failed inside two years
- Agamben, GiorgioEntryThe exception made permanent, and the COVID interventions that show a framework failing
- Amadae, S. M.How rational choice became the default language of political legitimacy
- Anderson, PerryThe sharpest internal critique of Gramsci, on three incompatible uses of civil society
- Anyon, JeanFieldwork showing schools teach different relationships to authority by class
- Arendt, HannahStatelessness and the right to have rights
- Arrow, KennethIn the room at RAND as formal method acquired political authority
- Asch, SolomonConformity to visibly wrong group judgments, and it replicates
- Bateson, GregoryFeedback applied to families and schooling, and the double bind
- Bell, DerrickCritical Race Theory as the descendant of Critical Legal Studies
- Benjamin, WalterLaw-making violence as distinct from law-preserving violence
- Bernays, EdwardEntryInvented public relations and published the method with pride
- Bernstein, BasilElaborated and restricted linguistic codes, next to Bourdieu on cultural capital
- Bibó, IstvánThe political culture and hysteria of small Eastern European states
- Bourdieu, PierreEntryThe school converting inherited advantage into certified merit
- Bowker, GeoffreyClassification systems as political instruments nobody experiences as political
- Bowles, SamuelThe correspondence principle: school reproduces the workforce structurally
- Brodie, BernardNuclear strategy at RAND, where governance by model begins
- Brown, WendyCitizens converted into human capital, politics into competitiveness
- Burgin, AngusThe making of the neoliberal movement, from the archives
- Burnham, JamesThe managerial revolution, reaching Konrád and Szelényi’s conclusion from the West
- Butler, JudithPrecarious life, as a counter-model to Agamben that keeps the concern
- Chakhotin, SergeA Pavlov student analysing propaganda as conditioned reflex, and using it defensively
- Chomsky, NoamThe propaganda model and its five filters, with the objections attached
- Cialdini, RobertThe persuasion practitioner’s field guide, best read defensively
- Coleman, PeterThe sympathetic insider account of the Congress for Cultural Freedom
- Cover, RobertLegal interpretation always takes place on a field of pain and death
- Crenshaw, KimberléCritical Race Theory, downstream of Critical Legal Studies
- Curtis, AdamThe best known visual entry point, and a case study in causation by juxtaposition
- Debord, GuyThe society of the spectacle, paired with Postman
- Deleuze, GillesEntrySix pages on control as modulation, written before the web
- Elias, NorbertExternal restraint becoming self-restraint across five centuries
- Ellsberg, DanielThe best inside witness RAND has, because he defected
- Ellul, JacquesEntryPropaganda as a condition of mass society that works best on the educated
- Erickson, PaulCold War rationality as a historical object rather than a timeless standard
- Eubanks, VirginiaAutomated eligibility and risk scoring, tested on the poor first
- Ewen, StuartThe historical record of advertising setting out to produce consumers as a type
- Festinger, LeonCognitive dissonance: having acted, we revise belief to match the act
- Fisher, MarkCapitalist realism, on the inability to imagine an alternative
- Flusser, VilémThe apparatus programmes the user who believes they are using it
- Foucault, MichelEntryDiscipline, biopolitics, governmentality, and power that produces rather than forbids
- Frank, JeromeAmerican Legal Realism: judges decide, then justify
- Freire, PauloBanking education against critical consciousness, the constructive counterpart to Illich
- Gatto, John TaylorThe popular polemic on schooling. Provocation to verify, not a source to trust
- Gintis, HerbertWith Bowles, the correspondence principle and its later revision
- Goffman, ErvingEntryThe total institution, and the self an admission procedure takes apart
- Graeber, DavidThe iron law of liberalism: deregulation reliably produces more bureaucracy
- Gramsci, AntonioEntryHegemony, common sense, and the war of position inside civil society
- Hall, StuartThe most useful modern application of Gramsci
- Han, Byung-ChulEntryThe achievement society, where the subject exploits itself and calls it freedom
- Havel, VáclavEntryThe greengrocer, living within a lie, and control that needs no belief
- Heims, Steve JoshuaThe institutional history of the Macy Conferences
- Herman, EdwardWith Chomsky, the propaganda model as a structural rather than conspiratorial claim
- Holmes, Oliver WendellLaw as prophecies of what the courts will do in fact
- Holmes, StephenWith Krastev, the politics of imitation after 1989
- Horkheimer, MaxWith Adorno, the culture industry as standardized industrial production
- Horwitz, MortonCritical Legal Studies and the indeterminacy of doctrine
- Illich, IvanEntryRadical monopoly, counterproductivity, and tools that disable their users
- Innis, HaroldEntryMedia biased toward time or space, and monopolies of knowledge
- Jackson, PhilipCoined the hidden curriculum: crowds, praise and power
- Jost, JohnSystem justification, the experimental analogue of hegemony
- Jouvenel, Bertrand deCentralization and emancipation advancing together, written under occupation
- Judt, TonyThe reliable single-volume history underneath the East and West comparison
- Kahn, HermanOn Thermonuclear War, and thinking the unthinkable in a model
- Kahneman, DanielHeuristics, biases and framing effects, with the replication caveat
- Kelsen, HansThe pure theory of law, and the position Schmitt spent his career attacking
- Kennedy, DuncanCritical Legal Studies: competing principles justify opposite outcomes
- Kittler, FriedrichMedia as hardware with military ancestry. Media determine our situation
- Kline, RonaldThe cybernetics moment, and what happened to it
- Konrád, GyörgyWith Szelényi, the intelligentsia becoming a ruling class under state socialism
- Krastev, IvanThe politics of imitation, and what being told to become a copy does to a society
- La Boétie, Étienne deEntryWhy do millions obey a man who has only the power they lend him
- Lareau, AnnetteConcerted cultivation against natural growth, the American empirical version
- Latour, BrunoHow facts and standards get built and then become invisible infrastructure
- Lazarsfeld, PaulNamed the split himself: administrative research against critical research
- Le Bon, GustaveWeak as science, historically decisive. Included for its effect, not its truth
- Lerner, MelvinThe just-world hypothesis, producing victim-blaming and self-blame
- Lewin, KurtIn the room at the Macy Conferences, carrying feedback into social psychology
- Lifton, Robert JayEight criteria of thought reform, including loading the language
- Lippmann, WalterEntryCoined the manufacture of consent, and meant it approvingly
- Llewellyn, KarlAmerican Legal Realism and the first break with law as logic
- MacLean, NancyDemocracy in Chains, vigorously contested. Use it with the rebuttals
- Mann, HoraceVisited Prussia in 1843 and imported mass schooling to Massachusetts
- Mann, MichaelInfrastructural power against despotic power, and why the first is the modern danger
- Marcuse, HerbertRepressive tolerance and false needs, with the paternalism objection
- Marks, JohnReconstructed the Cold War behavioural programmes from the files that survived
- Mbembe, AchilleEntryNecropolitics: biopower seen from the colony rather than the metropole
- McCulloch, WarrenChaired the Macy Conferences where cybernetics was assembled
- Mead, MargaretCarried cybernetic vocabulary into anthropology from the Macy room
- Michels, RobertEntryThe iron law of oligarchy, derived from the most democratic party of its day
- Milgram, StanleyObedience to authority, surviving in weakened form after the archival work
- Miller, PeterWith Rose, political power beyond the state, in twenty pages
- Mills, C. WrightEntryPersonal troubles into public issues, the founding move of this project
- Miłosz, CzesławEntryKetman, and the self-division that consumes the self it protects
- Mirowski, PhilipThe neoliberal thought collective, from meeting minutes and funding structures
- Mitchell, TimothyCoal enabled the strike, oil engineered that leverage away
- Morrison, DavidThe institutional history of the Princeton Radio Project
- Mosca, GaetanoEntryAn organized minority always rules, and tells itself a political formula
- Müller, Jan-WernerSchmitt’s postwar influence, running across the political spectrum
- Muller, JerryThe tyranny of metrics, next to Goodhart and Campbell
- Mumford, LewisEntryThe megamachine, and the monastery clock as the decisive machine
- Noble, SafiyaAlgorithms of oppression, in the contemporary behavioural cluster
- O’Neil, CathyWeapons of math destruction: scoring at scale, unaccountable
- Pareto, VilfredoEntryDerivations and residues, and history as the circulation of elites
- Pasquale, FrankThe black box society: authority that cannot be inspected
- Passeron, Jean-ClaudeWith Bourdieu, the study that set out educational reproduction
- Perry, GinaThe archival work that weakened the popular version of Milgram
- Pitts, WalterWith McCulloch, the neuron as a logical device, at the Macy Conferences
- Polanyi, KarlThe self-regulating market was itself an act of state construction
- Postman, NeilHuxley rather than Orwell: a medium that makes serious argument impossible
- Reimer, EverettSchool Is Dead, alongside Illich on deschooling
- Rose, NikolasEntryHow psychology made the self governable, and rule that works through freedom
- Schelling, ThomasThe strategy of conflict, and game theory as statecraft
- Schmitt, CarlEntrySovereign is he who decides on the exception. Nazi party member from 1933
- Schumacher, E. F.Small is beautiful, in the constructive line with Illich
- Scott-Smith, GilesThe politics of apolitical culture, on the cultural Cold War
- Scott, James C.EntryLegibility, mētis, and the hidden transcript
- Seligman, MartinLearned helplessness, the empirical form of disabling professions
- Shannon, ClaudeInformation theory, in the room where cybernetics was assembled
- Sharp, GeneThe strategic descendant of La Boétie on withdrawing consent
- Simpson, ChristopherHow psychological-warfare funding shaped American communication research
- Skinner, B. F.Argued openly for designing environments that produce behaviour
- Slobodian, QuinnThe Geneva School insulating markets from democratic majorities
- Star, Susan LeighWith Bowker, sorting things out: classification as silent politics
- Stonor Saunders, FrancesThe standard account of the CIA and the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Contested
- Sunstein, CassWith Thaler, Nudge, read as a primary document of governing technique
- Szelényi, IvánWith Konrád, expert rule criticized from inside the East
- Tarde, GabrielThe public rather than the crowd, identified decades before broadcast
- Thaler, RichardLibertarian paternalism, which relies on the citizen not noticing
- Tilly, CharlesStates as protection rackets that succeeded and then legitimated themselves
- Tversky, AmosWith Kahneman, framing effects: the same information, different decisions
- Unger, RobertoCritical Legal Studies, radicalizing the realist insight
- Veblen, ThorsteinConspicuous consumption as status control, sabotage as normal business
- Virilio, PaulDromology: political power as the control of speed and circulation
- von Foerster, HeinzSecond-order cybernetics: the observer is inside the system observed
- von Neumann, JohnAt the Macy Conferences and at RAND, where the model became government
- Weber, MaxRational-legal authority, the iron cage, and legitimacy as belief
- Wiener, NorbertEntryBuilt the science of control, then published his refusal of military funding
- Willis, PaulWorking-class boys whose resistance to school delivers them into working-class jobs
- Winner, LangdonDo artifacts have politics? Fifteen pages, argued through cases
- Wittfogel, KarlThe hydraulic-state thesis, largely rejected. Read for how a discredited argument works
- Wohlstetter, AlbertDeterrence analysis at RAND, and the authority of the formal model
- Young, MichaelCoined meritocracy in 1958 as a warning, and watched it adopted as a compliment
- Zimbardo, PhilipThe Stanford Prison Experiment. A cautionary tale about evidence, not a finding
- Zinoviev, AlexanderSatirical anthropology of the character type the Soviet system produced
- Zuboff, ShoshanaEntryBehavioural surplus, prediction products, and the shift from predicting to shaping